At Stake in this Election: 

• All 500 seats of the Thai House of Representatives. 

• A constitutional referendum is being held concurrently.  

Government Structure: 

• Chief of State: King MAHA VAJIRALONGKORN PHRA VAJIRAKLAOCHAOYUHUA (since 13 October 2016) 

• Head of Government: Prime Minister Anutin CHARNVIRAKUL (since 7 September 2025) 

• Assembly: bicameral National Assembly (Rathhasapha / รัฐสภา), comprised of a 500-seat House of Representatives (Saphaphuthan Ratsadon / สภาผู้แทนราษฎร) and a 200-seat Senate (Wuthisapha / วุฒิสภา). 

Electoral System: 

• The monarchy is hereditary.  

• The Prime Minister is appointed by the King after being approved by parliament. The Prime Minister is also called the President of the National Assembly.  The leader of the Senate serves as the Vice-President of the National Assembly.  

• Members of the House of Representatives (Saphaphuthan Ratsadon / สภาผู้แทนราษฎร) are directly elected. 350 members are elected on a constituency basis and 150 are selected from party lists. Members serve 4-year terms. 

• Members of Senate (Wuthisapha / วุฒิสภา) are indirectly elected. Candidates for senate represent 20 different occupational groups and serve 5-year terms.   

Last Election:  

The last legislative election was held on May 14, 2023. The Move Forward party won 152 seats, the Pheu Thai Party won 141 seats, the Bhumjaithai Party won 70 seats, the Palang Pracharat Party won 41 seats, the United Thai party won 36 seats, the Democrat Party won 24 seats, and the Charthaipattana Party won 10 seats. All other parties won less than 10 seats. Voter turnout is 76%.  

New/Unique in this Election: 

This is a snap election, called in December 2025.  

Key Deadlines: 

• Candidate filing deadline: 31 December 2025 

• Voter registration deadline: n/a, registration is passive. 

Main Parties in this Election: 

• Pheu Thai Party / พรรคเพื่อไทย (PTP) 

• • Leader: Julapun AMORNVIVAT 

• • Seats won in the last election: 152 seats out of 500 

• Bhumjaithai Party / พรรคภูมิใจไทย 

• • Leader: Anutin CHARNVIRAKUL 

• • Seats won in the last election: 70 seats out of 500 

• Palang Pracharat Party / พรรคพลังประชารัฐ 

• • Leader: Trinuch THIENTHONG 

• • Seats won in the last election: 41 seats out of 500 

• United Thai Nation / พรรคเพื่อไทย 

• • Leader: Pirapan SALIRATHAVIBHAGA 

• • Seats won in the last election: 36 seats out of 500 

• Democrat Party / พรรคประชาธิปัตย์ 

• • Leader: Abhisit VEJJAJIVA 

• • Seats won in the last election: 24 seats out of 500 

Note: Over 50 parties are running in this election. A full list can be found here. 

Country Context: 

• Population: 71,668,011 (2024 estimate) 

• Registered Voters: 52,195,920 (2023 estimate) 

• V-Dem Electoral Democracy Index Score: 0.389 (2024) 

• V-Dem Regimes of the World Classification: Electoral Autocracy (2024) 

• Human Development Index (HDI) Position: 0.798, High, Rank 76 

Gender Data: 

• Female Population: 36,772,621 (2024 estimate) 

• CEDAW Status: Ascended 9 Aug 1985 

• Gender Quota: No legislated quotas. Some parties have adopted voluntary quotas.  

• Female Candidates in this election: Yes 

• Number of Female Legislators (pre-election): 97 out of 495 (19.6%) in the lower house and 45 out of 200 (22.5%) in the upper chamber. 

• Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) Categorization: 32.6 (2023 estimate) 

Disability Data: 

• CRPD Status: Signed 30 March 2007, Ratified 29 July 2008 

• Projected population with a disability: 11,466,882 (2024 estimate)